Thought

Thought (disambiguation)
By : Drs. Agus Subandi, MBA
Thought is a mental process which allows beings to be conscious, make decisions, imagine and, in general, operate on symbols in a rational or irrational manner. It is an element/instance of thinkingand is used as its synonym.
Thought may refer to:
 In philosophy, thought is also a synonym for idea
 School of thought, a collections of ideas that result from the adoption of a particular paradigm
 Thought, the short name of Thought: A review of Culture and Idea, Fordham University Quarterly, a publication of Fordham University
 "Thought", in Gottlob Frege's theory of meaning, "something for which the question of truth can arise at all"

Mental process
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mental processes, mental functions and cognitive processes are terms often used interchangeably (although not always correctly so, the term cognitive tends to have specific implications – see cognitive and cognitivism) to mean such functions or processes as perception,introspection, memory, creativity, imagination, conception, belief, reasoning, volition, and emotion—in other words, all the different things that we can do with our minds.
A specific instance of engaging in a cognitive process is a mental event. The event of perceiving something is, of course, different from the entire process, or faculty, of perception—one's ability to perceive things. In other words, an instance of perceiving is different from the ability that makes those instances possible.
See also
 Cognitive
 Cognitivism
 Mental event
 Neurocognitive
 Mental operations
Cognition
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Cognitive)
Cognition is the scientific term for "the process of thought". Usage of the term varies in different disciplines; for example in psychology andcognitive science, it usually refers to an information processing view of an individual's psychological functions. Other interpretations of the meaning of cognition link it to the development of concepts; individual minds, groups, and organizations.
The term cognition (Latin: cognoscere, "to know", "to conceptualize" or "to recognize") refers to a faculty for the processing of information, applying knowledge, and changing preferences. Cognition, or cognitive processes, can be natural or artificial, conscious or unconscious. These processes are analyzed from different perspectives within different contexts, notably in the fields of linguistics, anesthesia, neurology,psychology, philosophy, anthropology, systemics, computer science and creed. Within psychology or philosophy, the concept of cognition is closely related to abstract concepts such as mind, intelligence, cognition is used to refer to the mental functions, mental processes(thoughts) and states of intelligent entities (humans, human organizations, highly autonomous machines and artificial intelligences).
Psychology

When the mind makes a generalization such as the concept of tree, it extracts similarities from numerous examples; the simplification enables higher-level thinking.
The sort of mental processes described as cognitive are largely influenced by research which has successfully used this paradigm in the past, likely starting with Thomas Aquinas, who divided the study of behavior into two broad categories: cognitive (how we know the world), and affect (feelings and emotions). Consequently, this description tends to apply to processes such as memory,association, concept formation, language, attention, perception, action, problem solving andmental imagery.[1] Traditionally, emotion was not thought of as a cognitive process. This division is now regarded as largely artificial, and much research is currently being undertaken to examine thecognitive psychology of emotion; research also includes one's awareness of strategies and methods of cognition, known as metacognition.
Empirical research into cognition is usually scientific and quantitative, or involves creating models to describe or explain certain behaviors.
While few people would deny that cognitive processes are a function of the brain, a cognitive theory will not necessarily make reference to the brain or other biological process (compareneurocognitive). It may purely describe behavior in terms of information flow or function. Relatively recent fields of study such as cognitive science and neuropsychology aim to bridge this gap, using cognitive paradigms to understand how the brain implements these information-processing functions (see also cognitive neuroscience), or how pure information-processing systems (e.g., computers) can simulate cognition (see also artificial intelligence). The branch of psychology that studies brain injury to infer normal cognitive function is called cognitive neuropsychology. The links of cognition to evolutionary demands are studied through the investigation of animal cognition. And conversely, evolutionary-based perspectives can inform hypotheses about cognitive functional systems evolutionary psychology.
The theoretical school of thought derived from the cognitive approach is often called cognitivism.
The phenomenal success of the cognitive approach can be seen by its current dominance as the core model in contemporary psychology (usurping behaviorism in the late 1950s). Cognition is severely damaged in dementia.
Cognition as social process
It has been observed since antiquity that language acquisition in human children fails to emerge unless the children are exposed to language. Thus, language acquisition is an example of an emergent behavior. In this case, the individual is made up of a set of mechanisms "expecting" such input from the social world.
In education, for instance, which has the explicit task in society of developing child cognition, choices are made regarding the environmentand permitted action that lead to a formed experience. In social cognition, face perception in human babies emerges by the age of two months. This is in turn affected by the risk or cost of providing these, for instance, those associated with a playground or swimming pool or field trip. On the other hand, the macro-choices made by the teachers are extremely influential on the micro-choices made by children.
In a large systemic perspective, cognition is considered closely related to the social and human organization functioning and constrains.Managerial decision making processes can be erroneous in politics, economy and industry for the reason of different reciprocally dependent socio-cognitive factors. This domain became the field of interest of emergent socio-cognitive engineering.
See also
In addition to the topics below, see the List of thinking-related topics
 Cognitive bias
 Cognitive dissonance
 Cognitive Informatics
 Cognitive module
 Cognitive space
 Cognitive style
 Comparative Cognition
 Situated cognition
 Embodied cognition
 Educational psychology
 Functional neuroimaging
 Gestalt psychology
 Holonomic brain theory
 Intentionality
 List of cognitive scientists
 Philosophy of mind
 Molecular Cellular Cognition
 Numerical cognition
 Personal knowledge management
 Santiago theory of cognition
 Theory of cognitive development
 Theory of mind
 Decade of the Mind


References
1. ^ Sensation & Perception, 5th ed. 1999, Coren, Ward & Enns, p. 9
Further reading
 Coren, Stanley; Lawrence M. Ward, James T. Enns (1999). Sensation and Perception. Harcourt Brace. p. 9. ISBN 0-470-00226-3.
 Lycan, W.G., (ed.). (1999). Mind and Cognition: An Anthology, 2nd Edition. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publishers, Inc.
 Stanovich, Keith (2009). What Intelligence Tests Miss: The Psychology of Rational Thought. New Haven (CT): Yale University Press.ISBN 978-0-300-12385-2. Lay summary (21 November 2010).
External links
 Cognition An international journal publishing theoretical and experimental papers on the study of the mind.
 Information on music cognition, University of Amsterdam
 Cognitie.NL Information on cognition research, Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) and University of Amsterdam (UvA)
 Emotional and Decision Making Lab, Carnegie Mellon, EDM Lab
 cognition in the CALT encyclopedia
 The Limits of Human Cognition - an article describing the evolution of mammals' cognitive abilities